Network Address Translation (NAT) was a hack to deal with the fact that the most of us just get one IPv4 IP address from our provider. SIP was purposely defined NAT unfriendly to promote the use of IPv6 networks. While we are still waiting for IPv6 to become mainstream for more than a decade now we have to deal with this reality.

For the SIP phones the Vodia PBX has a logic that we call a “mini-session border controller”. It detects when a device runs on a network address that is not routable and then ignores the SIP routing information in it. While that makes our life easier with endpoints, we recently found out that life is not so simple with gateways if they are behind NAT. Here is the setup:

A PSTN gateway runs on a private IP address. On the firewall, the SIP port was forwarded to the private IP address of the gateway, so that the PBX can send SIP INVITE to the gateway. On the gateway, the outbound proxy is set to the PBX, which is running on a public IP (e.g. on a hosted PBX like the one on our http://hostedi.am).

The problem is this: When the PBX sends an INVITE to the gateway, the gateway responds with its private IP address in the routing headers. In SIP, the UAC (the PBX) is supposed to update the routing information and there the communication breaks. The PBX cannot send the ACK request to the gateway, and the call setup eventually times out.The solution that we will introduce in version 5.1.3 is another trunk flag. It will have the name “Don't accept SIP routing changes in dialog” and it does what is name says: When the PBX receives a response, it sticks to the original destination and does not update the route. This way the PBX can continue talking to the PBX. Because the PBX advertises an address for the media that is routable for the gateway, it will start receiving media from the gateway and that’s where it sends the media back. Fortunately, most gateways did not follow the IETF proposal to use different ports for sending and receiving, so that this works also when the gateway is behind NAT.

This new setting has the potential to render the feature of the dial plan to send calls to a registered extension obsolete. Instead of registering the gateway to the PBX, the firewall just needs to forward the requests to UDP port 5060 to the gateway. Of course, other ports than 5060 can also be easily used. If the public IP address of the local network keeps changing, services like dyndns can help directing the PBX to the right location.

Another workaround for NAT. I can’t wait until IPv6 becomes widely available.